cognitive-bias

cognitive-bias is a specific kind of bias — it applies the general bias construct to cognitive/judgment domains. Law 9: specific→general is INSTANCE_OF.

Tested: which came first? heuristic is older/more general, cognitive-bias is a specific kind (a heuristic that leads to systematic error). INSTANCE_OF: a competent speaker would say 'cognitive bias is a kind of heuristic.' The direction is bias→heuristic, specific→general.

cognitive-bias's accepted definition carves 'a systematic pattern of deviation from rational judgment in decision-making and reasoning' — reproducible, directional, persisting despite motivation to be accurate: a recurring, nameable, measurable regularity of mental operation, each named bias carrying its task battery and operational signature. A bias is a specific kind of cognitive phenomenon — the deviating subclass of named mental-operation regularities. This is not a ladder leap: cognitive-bias's accepted parents (bias, heuristic) do not connect to cognitive-phenomenon — bias is broader than the cognitive, holding statistical children (confounding, selection-bias) that are not patterns of mental operation — so no accepted path derives this relation; it is a direct claim on the cognitive-phenomenon axis, alongside the bias and heuristic parents. Pinned sense: bias as a systematic deviation pattern within cognition. INSTANCE_OF per Law 9.

Pinned sense: reasoning-bias's accepted definition carves systematic departures from rational reasoning, and its third parameter is a taxonomy that lists cognitive biases as its first subtype. cognitive-bias — a reproducible, directional deviation from rational judgment produced by heuristic shortcuts — is that departure in a specific guise, the heuristic-judgment family. Nearest-kind: no accepted intermediate kind sits between them.

rationalization IS a specific kind of cognitive-bias (specific→general, per Law 9). A pattern of reasoning that constructs plausible but false justifications for beliefs or actions.

anchoring IS a specific kind of cognitive-bias (specific→general). A bias where initial exposure to a value disproportionately influences subsequent judgments.

Confirmation-bias is a specific cognitive bias — the tendency to search for, interpret, and recall information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs. It is a subtype of the general cognitive-bias category.

Availability bias is a specific cognitive bias where people judge frequency or probability by ease of recall. Availability bias is a kind of cognitive bias — the specific-to-general direction is correct.

cognitive-dissonance is a specific type of cognitive bias: the mental discomfort from holding contradictory beliefs, as theorized by Festinger.

An availability heuristic is a specific kind of cognitive bias — a systematic deviation from rational judgment that falls under the broader taxonomy of cognitive biases. The specific (availability-heuristic) points at the general (cognitive-bias). INSTANCE_OF direction.

Belief bias is a specific type of cognitive bias: the tendency to judge an argument's validity based on the plausibility of its conclusion rather than its logical form. Direction tested: specific (belief-bias) → general (cognitive-bias). This is the correct INSTANCE_OF direction per Law 9.

framing-effect is a specific cognitive bias wherein how an option is framed alters choices — it is a kind of cognitive-bias.

A sunk-cost fallacy IS a specific type of cognitive bias — the pattern of continuing behavior based on past investment rather than future value. Specific to general mapping.

Anchoring-bias is a specific cognitive bias where initial values (anchors) disproportionately influence decisions. This is a specific case of the general category 'cognitive-bias'. INSTANCE_OF direction is correct: specific → general.

negativity-bias is a specific kind of cognitive-bias: the tendency for negative information or events to exert greater psychological influence than equally intense positive ones. Specific→general.

optimism-bias is a specific kind of cognitive-bias: the tendency to believe one is less at risk of negative outcomes than others. Specific→general.

belief-persistence is a specific kind of cognitive bias: the tendency to maintain a belief even after receiving disconfirming evidence. 'belief-persistence is a specific case of cognitive-bias' → Law 9 INSTANCE_OF.

Priming is a specific kind of cognitive bias: prior exposure to stimuli systematically influences subsequent responses without conscious awareness, creating a predictable deviation from unbiased judgment. This is the classic definition of a cognitive bias (Law 9: specific→general).

reasoning-bias is a specific kind of cognitive bias that systematically distorts reasoning processes. Specific→general INSTANCE_OF.

framing is a specific cognitive bias: the framing effect where people decide between options differently depending on how options are presented (positive vs negative framing). The framing effect is a documented instance of systematic cognitive bias in decision-making.

base-rate-fallacy is a specific type of cognitive bias — the error of ignoring prior probabilities in favor of specific case information. Clear specific→general. Law 9: the specific points at the general, never the reverse.

Representativeness is a specific kind of cognitive bias: it is the prototype-similarity judgment heuristic. INSTANCE_OF is correct — specific→general.

A default-effect is a specific kind of cognitive bias — the systematic preference for status-quo options. INSTANCE_OF: specific→general per Law 9.

Direction tested: sunk-cost IS a specific kind of cognitive-bias — the tendency to continue an endeavor due to previously invested resources. A competent speaker calls sunk-cost 'a cognitive bias.' Law 9: specific→general.

bandwagon IS a specific kind of cognitive-bias — the tendency to adopt beliefs or behaviors because many others do. Law 9: specific→general.

Status-quo bias IS a specific kind of cognitive-bias — a systematic preference for the current state. Specific→general per Law 9. Epoch test: status-quo-bias (0.01) is newer than cognitive-bias (0.35).

Loss aversion is a specific kind of cognitive bias: the tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. Law 9 — a competent speaker calls loss aversion 'a cognitive bias.' Specific→general INSTANCE_OF.

Law 9: scarcity-mindset IS a specific kind of cognitive-bias — the systematic distortion in judgment that arises from perceived resource insufficiency. Direction specific→general correct.

Recency-bias is a specific kind of cognitive-bias: the tendency to weigh recent experiences more heavily than earlier ones. Law 9: 'X is a specific kind of Y' = INSTANCE_OF. Pinned sense: recency-bias as a systematic error pattern in memory retrieval, a recognized subtype of cognitive bias.

Inattentional-blindness is a specific kind of cognitive-bias: the failure to detect a salient stimulus when attention is engaged elsewhere. Law 9: X is a specific kind of Y = INSTANCE_OF. The filer pins inattentional-blindness as a systematic perceptual error, squarely within cognitive-bias.

Representativeness-heuristic is a specific kind of cognitive bias (the tendency to judge probability by resemblance, ignoring base rates). A competent speaker would call it 'a cognitive bias.' This is the nearest kind.

Decoy-effect IS a specific kind of cognitive bias: the tendency for people to change their preference between two options when a third asymmetrically-dominant option (the decoy) is introduced. A competent speaker would say 'decoy effect is a cognitive bias.' Direction specific→general, Law 9.

Choice overload is a specific kind of cognitive bias: the phenomenon where having too many options impairs decision quality and leads to poorer outcomes. A competent speaker in psychology/economics would call choice overload a cognitive bias. Direction correct per Law 9.

Epistemic bias IS a specific kind of cognitive bias — the systematic tendency to favor information that confirms pre-existing beliefs in epistemic contexts. Files against accepted cognitive-bias entry per Law 9. Direction is specific→general.

Survivorship-bias IS a specific kind of cognitive bias: a systematic error in thinking caused by the incomplete or biased access to information. The competent-speaker test passes — one would call survivorship-bias 'a cognitive bias.' Direction: specific→general per Law 9.

Hindsight-bias IS a specific kind of cognitive bias (the tendency to perceive past events as having been predictable). A competent speaker says 'hindsight bias is a kind of cognitive bias.' Files specific→general per Law 9.

publication-bias IS a specific kind of cognitive-bias. It is the tendency to publish or prefer results that are statistically significant or confirm hypotheses — a well-documented bias in scientific practice.

Safety-bias IS a specific kind of cognitive-bias. It is a systematic deviation from judgment/safety standards caused by psychological factors, making it a subtype of cognitive bias specific to safety domains. Law 9 test: a competent speaker would call safety-bias a kind of cognitive bias.

decision fatigue IS a specific kind of cognitive bias. A competent speaker would call decision fatigue 'a cognitive bias.' The which-came-first test confirms cognitive-bias (epoch 0.35) predates decision fatigue (epoch 0.5). INSTANCE_OF: the specific (decision fatigue) points at the general (cognitive-bias), per Law 9.

overconfidence IS a specific kind of cognitive-bias — the systematic gap where subjective confidence exceeds objective accuracy. A competent speaker would call overconfidence a cognitive bias. Law 9: specific→general.

Anchoring-effect IS a specific kind of cognitive-bias — the tendency to rely too heavily on initial information in judgment and decision-making. A competent speaker would call it a cognitive bias. Files against the nearest kind per Law 9.

cognitive-distortion is a specific kind of cognitive-bias — a systematic pattern of deviation from rational judgment. A competent speaker would call it 'a cognitive bias.' cognitive-bias is the nearest kind; no intermediate rung exists.

Anchoring heuristic is a specific cognitive bias where initial information (anchor) disproportionately influences subsequent judgments. A competent speaker would classify it as 'a cognitive bias' — it is a systematic error in judgment, fitting the established cognitive-bias entry.

The Zeigarnik effect is a specific cognitive bias: the tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed ones. It is a kind of memory-related cognitive bias. Files against nearest kind.

Overconfidence-bias is a specific kind of cognitive bias: systematic overestimation of one's abilities, knowledge, or prospects. A competent speaker would call it 'a cognitive bias.' Which-came-first test shows overconfidence-bias (epoch 0.01) predates cognitive-bias (epoch 0.69), consistent with INSTANCE_OF direction.

Social-proof IS a specific kind of cognitive bias: the tendency to assume others' actions reflect correct behavior for one's own situation, leading to copy without independent judgment. Competent-speaker test passes — 'social proof is a cognitive bias.' Direction: specific (social-proof) → general (cognitive-bias).

Fluency-heuristic is a specific kind of cognitive-bias: the tendency to judge information as true or familiar based on the ease of processing it. The competent-speaker test passes - fluency heuristic is described in the literature as a cognitive bias arising from processing fluency effects.

A perceptual set is a specific cognitive bias — a predisposition to perceive stimuli in a particular way based on expectations, prior experience, or context. A competent speaker would call it 'a kind of cognitive bias.' Direction: specific→general.

An epistemic loop is a specific pattern of cognitive bias: a self-reinforcing cycle where one's beliefs prevent acquisition of disconfirming evidence. It files as specific→general against cognitive-bias (the nearest accepted kind). The sense pinned is the epistemological concept — a structural flaw in belief updating, not merely a heuristic shortcut.